Zia Mahmood 1991-1997: £1M bet that no 4-person team of his choosing would be beaten by a computer.

GIB (Ginsberg) was world computer bridge champion

• About equal to a good club player
  • Bidding was so-so.
  • Play was usually strong.
• In 2006 programs were not much better.

How GIB Plays Bridge:

• Bidding: rules from Meadowlark +Borel Simulation (guess rest of auction)
• Play: Monte Carlo analysis
  • Deal, make sure deal consistent with bidding, known cards
  • Run minimax
  • repeat many times